Sifting
With a  Sifting Pan equipped and  Rubble in your inventory select  Sift Rubble. This will change your mouse icon to a Sifting Pan. Click on  The Shallows to begin Sifting. Each time you Sift it will consume 1x Rubble with a chance to get either  Black Sand,  Dravite,  Goldflakes,  Phosphophyllite,  Rubellite,  Uvarovite, or potentially nothing in return. You will have to repeat this process for each Rubble in your inventory unless you use a Custom Client which allows you to automate the Sifting.
 Any Raw Gems have a Hardness which refers to its odds of successfully being cut on a Gemcutter's Wheel - the Harder the Raw Gem, the less chance of success. Hardness is determined when Sifting and is based on your  Mines & Mountains Proficiency, the Mining bonus from Artifacts and chance. Additionally, Raw Gems have a variable number of Carats based purely on chance, which gives a bonus to the Cut Gem's Affluence. Finding Any Raw Gem during a Blood Moon will instead give you a  Blood Shard. Finding Any Raw Gem while Sifting reduces a bit of Insanity.
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The Precious which will crack Any Raw Gems you find into 
Fractured Gemstones.
